The Comparison of Plant Species in Miyawaki Forest Versus the Rest of Rawalpindi Medical University Campus: A Green Concrete Matrix Approach: The Comparison of Plant Species in Miyawaki Forest Versus the Rest of Rawalpindi Medical University Campus: A Green Concrete Matrix Approach

Abstract

Background: Sustainable campus planning is increasingly recognized as a critical strategy for mitigating environmental degradation, enhancing biodiversity, and promoting human well-being within academic institutions. Urban universities, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, face significant challenges in balancing infrastructural development with ecological sustainability. Rawalpindi Medical University (RMU) has initiated a Green Campus Project incorporating conventional green spaces and an innovative Miyawaki forest model.

Objective: To compare plant species diversity, distribution, and density between the Miyawaki forest and the remaining green areas of RMU as part of the university’s green concrete matrix.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional ecological assessment was conducted using official RMU plantation records and field documentation. All plant species across the campus were identified and quantified. Green spaces were categorized into main campus areas and the Miyawaki forest. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to evaluate species composition and plant density.

Results: A total of 1,263 plants were documented across the RMU campus. Of these, 923 plants (73.1%) were distributed throughout the main campus green areas, while 340 plants (26.9%) were concentrated within the Miyawaki forest. The main campus demonstrated greater species variety, whereas the Miyawaki forest exhibited substantially higher tree density and dominance of native and fruit-bearing species. Several ecologically significant species were exclusively present in the Miyawaki forest, highlighting its role in enhancing biodiversity and ecological efficiency.

Conclusion: The integration of a Miyawaki forest within RMU significantly enhances tree density and ecological value despite limited land area. Combined with diverse conventional green spaces, RMU demonstrates a balanced and sustainable green concrete matrix. Expansion of dense plantation models and strategic green retrofitting may further strengthen environmental resilience and establish RMU as a model for sustainable medical university campuses.